PHILIP MACDOUGALL is the author of numerous articles. His books include Islamic Navies during the Age of Fighting Sail, Naval Resistance to Britain’s Growing Power in India and The Anglo-Russian Naval Alliance of the Eighteenth Century and Beyond. Specifically looking at the politics and social conditions of the lower deck, he contributed several papers and co-edited The Naval Mutinies of 1797 while also an organiser of two conferences on naval mutinies to mark the bi-centenary of the Nore/Spithead mutinies of 1797.