JOSEPH P. ALESSI teaches history at Youngstown State University. A retired US Army lieutenant colonel, he earned an MA and PhD in history from St. Louis University. He as taught at the United States Military Academy, Washington University in St. Louis, and the University of Pittsburgh. He is a contributor to Studies of Changing Societies, The International Encyclopedia of Military History, The Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, and Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty.