“An excellent overview of how different actors have used information in open conflict situations to undermine the resolve and spirit of their adversaries.” —José de Arimatéia da Cruz, Parameters

"An important contribution.... The insights are fresh, fascinating, and, for practitioners, actionable." —James. P. Farwell, Middle East Institute

Since antiquity, information has been used in conflict—to deceive, to demoralize, to sow fear among enemy troops. Not until the twentieth century, though, did information operations become so central to war. In Info Ops, the authors assess the evolving role and increasing relevance of information operations from the leaflet bombardments of World War I to the present digital age.